نشریه نشاء علم
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، خرداد 1396)

Advances in technology are at the heart of fundamental researchKnowledge and intellect are invisible, but good and proper work is obtained and supported. The infrastructure of a healthy society, the creation of useful and environmentally-friendly technologies, a sustainable environment, a dynamic economy and a society's satisfaction, peace and coexistence, and a desirable lifestyle depend on the exploitation of knowledge and wisdom. The presence of knowledgeable human resources and the first-hand scientific discovery of phenomena and the conquest of the new frontiers of science will create a sense of knowledge in society. Fundamental research is the capital of science. Schools, universities, and science and research centers are the sources of science. More than ever, it's true that the pace of technological advancement is at the heart of basic research. A country that depends on other countries in fundamental sciences will slowly advance in industry, and will have a weak position in national and global trade, regardless of how professional and mechanical it is. The easiest and most effective way to strengthen the state of industrial research is to support fundamental research and the development of scientific talent. One of the features of the fundamental sciences is that it can progress in many ways and create the ground for the growth of superior technologies. In all scientific, technical and social fields, the main factor is limiting the human factor. Depending on the number of first-level scientists in the field, our progress in these areas will be rapid or slow. How can the scientific capital of the country be increased? First, we must raise many scholars and scientists, both male and female. The responsibility of these people is to devise new knowledge in order to open up diverse ways for future invention of technologies and so that people in the community have the suitable and right job. So the future of science in this land depends on our educational policy. It has always been hidden in the history of science, and it has not been directly related to just money, but science has become a process of many processes, and these processes and mediators are about the prosperity of life, dignity, wealth, power, fair and lawful wealth, Halal trade, Health. Science has been ahead of technology for many years, and instantaneous technology is not being used. It is unlikely that a scientific discovery will reach the immediate foundation of the market and become material wealth, but it will take time to combine with other processes and experiences and transform it into a sustainable and worthwhile product. At the end of the message, this is to build a developed country, knowledge and wisdom, with the presence of mighty manpower in all parts of the country and we should seek the technologies that bring the knowledge cycle to life.

Based on the number of scientific documents indexed in the web of science in Thomson Reuters, the number of Iranian scientific documents is 34883 (1.86% of the world value and rank of 18) in science, 1797 (0.60% of the world value and rank of 32) in social sciences, 145 (0.12% of the world value and rank of 48) in art and humanities and 35432 (1.67% of the world value and rank of 18) in total, in 2016. After five years (2011-2015) stop in the rank of 20th in the scientific documents production for Iran, now it is observed improvement two levels for the ranking and reached to 18th. Increase the number of scientific documents relative to the before year was 12.7%, which was more than the value in 2015 (4.1%) shows a good acceleration. Similar to the before year, USA, China and England were the ranks of one to three in the world due to their contributions of 26.9%, 15.6% and 7.0%, respectively, for scientific documents productions in 2016. The rank of Turkey was 17 due to its 1.79% contribution. As the before year, University of Tehran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tarbiat Modares University and Sharif University of Technology, respectively, were five top governmental universities in 2016. 17.5 per cents of scientific documents in 2016 are related to the all branches of Islamic Azad University. Engineering, Chemistry, Material Sciences, Physics and Mathematics were the top research areas in 2016.

A country’s economic prosperity, social development and sustainable development are directly related to its science and technology ranking. Competency in science is a necessary but insufficient condition for the transformation of science to technology and innovation, which serves as the driving force for science-based economy and sustainable development. Investments in science have improved Iran’s ranking to 17 on the global scale. However, various governments have not utilized the enormous potential of the Iranian Academy of Sciences as the country’s science and technology authority, and the relation between the government and the Academy follows the pattern of developing countries. The common cause of Iran’s deficiency in the transformation of its considerable scientific capabilities to technological ability and innovation for sustainable development is primarily due to the country’s deficiency of institutional conditions and at its apex the rule of law. Judicial independence for equal and just administration of the existing laws, passage of new bills for strengthening institutional conditions and a government of law and not of men, in the first place, and government’s utilization of the Academy’s considerable potential as the country’s science and technology authority, in the second place, are prerequisites to achieving a science-based economy, and thereby economic prosperity and social as well as sustainable development.

Rice and bread are two frequently used foods which are full of starch and bran. Bran is a great source for fiber, minerals and several kinds of useful vitamins that are essential for transforming starch to energy in cells. In Iran bran is earned from cereals and this cause many kinds of diseases. If we eliminate bran from our foods, glucose transfers to fat which may cause metabolic syndrome, cordial diseases and several kinds of digestive cancer. On the other hand, if we eat bran separately, it causes such problems as: material absorption reduction or blocking the gut. So, eating bran breads and brown rice is the best way for our health. Today, eating seeds with bran has been transferred to a healthy life style in developed countries. Germany produces about 80 percent of bran breads in this country. Consumption of brown rice in China and Japan has prevented oldness. The education of bakery authorities is most important for public usage of bran from food. In this paper, the practical solutions for these problems are presented.

A vegetarian is a person who avoids meat consumption and a vegan is one who does not use, dairy, and eggs as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets, especially vegetarian diet on health and disease. Vegetarian diet reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, cancers and disease. People with a vegetarian diet appear to be less likely to develop obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular disease. Although vegetarian diets are health promoting compare to most diets but vegetarian diet can cause nutrient deficiencies including protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins 12B and A, omega-3 fatty acids, and iodine if it is not appropriately followed. The effects of vegetarian diet on neurological and cognitive function, obesity, diabetes and other diseases have been considered in this article.

Sleep is a very important phase of life that the detoxification of the body occurs in this phase. The exact quantity of sleep required varies according to the age of the individual, and determining the amount of time needed per person depends on the physiological characteristics of the individual's body. In general, good sleep is for sleeping at about 8 hours, which occurs at about 9 or 10 in the evening until 5 in the morning. The reason for this phenomenon is that the recovery mechanisms and the processes for producing the necessary hormones and antioxidants are initiated, processed and completed at this interval. The melatonin hormone is produced during the sleep process and is known as the sleep hormone. Melatonin is an antioxidant that produces it in a good, timely manner. Also, in the absence of this hormone, people will endure problems such as stress, anxiety, rapid aging and diabetes. Insomnia is associated with an increase in the incidence of diabetes and its complications. Having distress sleep or poor quality sleep, such as confusion at the beginning of sleep or maintaining its association, increases the risk of impaired glucose levels and, as a consequence, increases the risk of developing diabetes type-2. Therefore, getting used to healthy sleep (quality sleep) can help to prevent various diseases. Improving the health of the community requires people to know how to modify the sleep program and adjust the body's biological clock.

The issue of consciousness and cognition has been a long concern for humankind over thousands of years. So far, most investigations in this field of research, have studied the brain tissue for cognitive performance assessment. During the last two decades of the twentieth century, the astonishing of relationship between cognitive impairments and cardiovascular diseases has been reported by many researchers. In 1999, these studies led to the formation of a new branch of science called "neurocardiology" investigating the brain-heart connections. Research of neurocardiologists has shown that the heart is much more complex than a mechanical pump, and has an elaborate intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS) arranged in the form of several ganglia around the cardiac conduction system. Besides, intrinsic cardiac production of many brain hormones and neurotransmitters involved in cognitive performance such as memory, thinking, decision making and motivation, has provided a complex network which is described as a "small brain". When a person experiences positive emotions such as kindness and generosity, the finest brain-heart synchronization improve cognitive performance. On the contrary, negative emotions such as hatred and jealousy through disturbing brain-heart coherency have adverse effects on cognitive performance. So the heart, just like the brain, has a significant influence on different cognitive proficiencies.

The aim of the present paper is to find the answer, from both classical and quantum points of view, to the questions: ‘Can quantum teleportation be used for superluminal communication?’ or ‘Will we ever be able to teleport people?’ To this end, in addition to illustration of theoretical and experimental teleportation, feasibility of this phenomenon in its natural and laboratory forms are discussed. Results from the latest peer-reviewed research activities about teleportation of objects confirm that teleportation of quantum particles (spins, etc.) has already been achieved in laboratories. It is found, however, that neither adequate experimental evidences nor coherent theoretical backing exists to prove the teleportation of an object containing a collection of these particles. Nonetheless, since experimental study of large quantum systems, due to known difficulties, has so far not been realised, it is quite possible that study of such systems result in sensational findings. Of course, the final answer to whether teleportation of people is possible, even in principle, must wait for the formulation of a complete theory of physics; one which unifies relativity with quantum mechanics. Until then, however, the emergence of quantum computers could be the game changer, with the hope that they can turn into platforms for development of quantum communication and maybe one day real teleportation.

The current life of mankind has gone way that objects play a vital role in it. In the past, objects as separate entities in the areas of performance were limited. The Internet of Things billions or trillions of objects can communicate with each other and with the surrounding environment and to exchange information. Recently the subject of a new research and applications in the field of Internet of Things (IOT) in libraries is formed. In this paper, an overview of the concept and the IOT in general, the Internet of Things applications in libraries in order to better service, has been paid. According to the study, the use of tools such as magic mirror, wireless sensor networks, sensor sheet under pressure and provide models for the Internet of Things technology in libraries is suggested. Internet of Things can make smart buildings, library buildings so that users can interact with different objects in the library and information they need with the appropriate virtual communication tools should be implemented. Internet of Things on the collection, mapping, search, access to library resources and other sectors and activities will be affected. Nevertheless, if IOT will be implemented in academic libraries, library service manner of physical and personal services will become significantly to the unattended service.

Indigenous people have special talents and ability to learn how to use their experiences. This native knowledge originates from the interplay between society and the environment and is transmitted over generations. During the history of Persian writings, part of this knowledge has come to your attention and has been used for centuries. One of the most important sources for understanding agriculture and managing the water and soil in Iranian history is Ershad Al-Reza Aboonsiri Heravi's book, written in the year 921 AH at the end of the Timurid period. This book is the most famous agricultural book in Iranian history before the start of the new agricultural education in the early nineteenth century. This book is in fact the encyclopedia of agriculture. The topics of the book are comprehensively presented in clay, agriculture, horticulture, food industry, ornamental plants and garden design as eight sections. This book is an important source for getting acquainted with agriculture, herbs and its principles during the Islamic period. Native Iranian knowledge of highlevel agriculture was used by other nations in the past. The purpose of this paper is to review soil and water assessment methods for agriculture based on the text of this book. The topics of this book are about soil types, fertility and functional diagnostics. Analysis and interpretation of the second chapter shows that the predecessors have had many efficient and experimental methods for assessing water and soil, which today can also be exploited based on indigenous knowledge.